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 &#x26;  grep cheatsheet &#x26;  Quick Reference</title>
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<p>本备忘单旨在快速提醒使用命令行程序 grep 所涉及的主要概念，并假设您已经了解其用法。</p>
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<!--rehype:body-class=cols-5-->
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body cols-5"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist col-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="使用"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#使用"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>使用</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->
<p>搜索标准输出（即文本流）</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> search_string
</span></code></pre>
<p>在文件中搜索确切的字符串：</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> search_string path/to/file
</span></code></pre>
<p>打印 myfile.txt 中包含字符串“mellon”的行</p>
<pre class="language-shell"><code class="language-shell code-highlight"><span class="code-line">$ <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">'mellon'</span> myfile.txt
</span></code></pre>
<p>文件名中接受通配符。</p>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist col-span-3"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="选项示例"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#选项示例"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>选项示例</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-3-->











































































<table><thead><tr><th align="left">选项</th><th align="left">示例</th><th align="left">说明</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>-i</code></td><td align="left">grep -i ^DA demo.txt</td><td align="left">忘记区分大小写</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-w</code></td><td align="left">grep -w "of" demo.txt</td><td align="left">仅搜索完整的单词</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-A</code></td><td align="left">grep -A 3 'Exception' error.log</td><td align="left">匹配字符串后显示 3 行</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-B</code></td><td align="left">grep -B 4 'Exception' error.log</td><td align="left">在匹配字符串前显示 4 行</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-C</code></td><td align="left">grep -C 5 'Exception' error.log</td><td align="left">在匹配字符串周围显示 5 行</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-r</code></td><td align="left">grep -r 'github.io' /var/log/nginx/</td><td align="left">递归搜索 <em>(在子目录内)</em></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-v</code></td><td align="left">grep -v 'warning' /var/log/syslog</td><td align="left">返回所有与模式不匹配的行</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-e</code></td><td align="left">grep -e '^al' filename</td><td align="left">使用正则表达式 <em>(以'al'开头的行)</em></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-E</code></td><td align="left">grep -E 'ja(s|cks)on' filename</td><td align="left">扩展正则表达式 <em>(包含 jason 或 jackson 的行)</em></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-c</code></td><td align="left">grep -c 'error' /var/log/syslog</td><td align="left">计算匹配数</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-l</code></td><td align="left">grep -l 'robot' /var/log/*</td><td align="left">打印匹配文件的名称</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-o</code></td><td align="left">grep -o search_string filename</td><td align="left">只显示字符串的匹配部分</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>-n</code></td><td align="left">grep -n "go" demo.txt</td><td align="left">显示匹配的行号</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="grep-正则表达式"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#grep-正则表达式"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>Grep 正则表达式</h2><div class="wrap-body">
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="参考"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#参考"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>参考</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<ul>
<li><a href="./regex.html">Regex syntax</a> <em>(jaywcjlove.github.io)</em></li>
<li><a href="./regex.html#%E6%AD%A3%E5%88%99%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B">Regex examples</a> <em>(jaywcjlove.github.io)</em></li>
</ul>
<p>有关更复杂的要求，请参阅完整版的正则表达式备忘单。</p>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="通配符wildcards"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#通配符wildcards"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>通配符(Wildcards)</h3><div class="wrap-body">

























<table><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>.</code></td><td align="left">任何字符</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>?</code></td><td align="left">可选且只能出现一次</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>*</code></td><td align="left">可选的，可以多次出现</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>+</code></td><td align="left">必需并且可以多次出现</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="量词quantifiers"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#量词quantifiers"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>量词(Quantifiers)</h3><div class="wrap-body">

























<table><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>{n}</code></td><td align="left">前一项恰好出现 n 次</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>{n,}</code></td><td align="left">上一个项目出现 n 次或更多</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>{,m}</code></td><td align="left">上一个项目最多出现 n 次</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>{n,m}</code></td><td align="left">上一项出现在 n 到 m 次之间</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="posix"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#posix"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>POSIX</h3><div class="wrap-body">

























<table><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>[:alpha:]</code></td><td align="left">任何大小写字母</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>[:digit:]</code></td><td align="left">任何数字</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>[:alnum:]</code></td><td align="left">任何大小写字母或数字</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>[:space:]</code></td><td align="left">任何空格</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="字符串"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#字符串"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>字符串</h3><div class="wrap-body">





















<table><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>[A-Z­a-z]</code></td><td align="left">任何大小写字母</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>[0-9]</code></td><td align="left">任何数字</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>[0-9­A-Z­a-z]</code></td><td align="left">任何大小写字母或数字</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="位置"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#位置"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>位置</h3><div class="wrap-body">





























<table><thead><tr><th align="left">:-</th><th align="left">:-</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code>^</code></td><td align="left">行的开头</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>$</code></td><td align="left">行结束</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>^$</code></td><td align="left">空行</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>\&#x3C;</code></td><td align="left">词的开头</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code>\></code></td><td align="left">词尾</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="更多示例"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#更多示例"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>更多示例</h2><div class="wrap-body">
</div></div><div class="h2wrap-body"><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="搜索命令行历史记录"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#搜索命令行历史记录"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>搜索命令行历史记录</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">history</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token function">git</span>
</span></code></pre>
<p>输入过 <code>git</code> 命令的记录</p>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="搜索多个文件并查找匹配文本在哪些文件中"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#搜索多个文件并查找匹配文本在哪些文件中"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>搜索多个文件并查找匹配文本在哪些文件中</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-l</span> <span class="token string">"text"</span> file1 file2 file3<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="多级目录中对文本进行递归搜索"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#多级目录中对文本进行递归搜索"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>多级目录中对文本进行递归搜索</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"text"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-r</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-n</span>
</span></code></pre>
<p><code>.</code> 表示当前目录。</p>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="搜索结果中包括或者排除指定文件"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#搜索结果中包括或者排除指定文件"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>搜索结果中包括或者排除指定文件</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 目录中所有的 .php 和 .html 文件中</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 递归搜索字符 "main()"</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"main()"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-r</span> <span class="token parameter variable">--include</span> *.<span class="token punctuation">{</span>php,html<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 在搜索结果中排除所有 README 文件</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"main()"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-r</span> <span class="token parameter variable">--exclude</span> <span class="token string">"README"</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 在搜索结果中排除 filelist 文件列表里的文件</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"main()"</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-r</span> --exclude-from filelist
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist row-span-2"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="输出包含匹配字符串的行数--n-选项"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#输出包含匹配字符串的行数--n-选项"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>输出包含匹配字符串的行数 -n 选项</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<!--rehype:wrap-class=row-span-2-->
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"text"</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-n</span> file_name
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># 或</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">cat</span> file_name <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"text"</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-n</span>
</span><span class="code-line">
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment">#多个文件</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">"text"</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-n</span> file_1 file_2
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="忽略匹配样式中的字符大小写"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#忽略匹配样式中的字符大小写"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>忽略匹配样式中的字符大小写</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash code-highlight"><span class="code-line"><span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">"hello world"</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-i</span> <span class="token string">"HELLO"</span>
</span><span class="code-line"><span class="token comment"># hello</span>
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div><div class="wrap h3body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h3wrap"><h3 id="统计文件或文本中包含匹配字符串的行数--c-选项"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#统计文件或文本中包含匹配字符串的行数--c-选项"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>统计文件或文本中包含匹配字符串的行数 -c 选项</h3><div class="wrap-body">
<pre><code class="code-highlight"><span class="code-line">grep -c "text" file_name
</span></code></pre>
</div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrap h2body-not-exist"><div class="wrap-header h2wrap"><h2 id="另见"><a aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" href="#另见"><span class="icon icon-link"></span></a>另见</h2><div class="wrap-body">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://wangchujiang.com/linux-command/c/grep.html">grep 中文文档</a> <em>(jaywcjlove.github.io)</em></li>
</ul>
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